Annotated Bibliography Notes Essay - 1282 Words

Annotated Bibliography Notes Fill in the notes for the amendment and for each of the three categories (multi-media, contemporary cases, advocacy documents). If you need support for the citation, consult the MLA Formatting Guide you printed from the lesson. Amendment for your topic (from the Bill of Rights) One Multi-Media Resource (videos, slideshows, audio files, infographics) Citation :Graphic : http://www.nancho.net/corperson/ THE SCOURGE OF DEMOCRACIDE How Popular Rule is Suffocated by Corporate Personhood What information from this source seems the most important? Note key points mentioned in the source. Perhaps the most stunning weapon corporations use to dominate our world is the offensive shield of†¦show more content†¦Two Advocacy Documents or Articles (document or article including statements from presidents, politicians, or advocates about the topic you selected) Citation Information: http://news.investors.com/ibd-editorials/101413-675071-vets-denied-right-to-gather-but-not-illegal-immigrant-advocates.htm President Obamas Attack On The First Amendment What information from this source seems the most important? Note key points mentioned in the source. the president would treat those who have served, and continue to serve, in the military with such contempt and vindictiveness is a great disgrace. How does this source support your topic? Because the president don’t let the people who fought for our rights see the monument. If these people didn’t fight for our rights we wouldn’t have the freedom of speech.soo why treat these people like this by trying to take there rights away. What information from this source would be most useful to include in your informative/explanatory article? the president would treat those who have served, and continue to serve, in the military with such contempt and vindictiveness is a great disgrace. After all, they were merely exercising their First Amendment rights. Wasnt that why many of them served in the first place, to protect our rights? Its not just vets, either. Obama gave organizers special permission to hold the rally in D.C., despite the shutdown — They allowed us to have it because it is part of the FirstShow MoreRelatedAcademic Research Reflection1203 Words   |  5 Pagesresearch paper more concrete and thus provides more depth to the analysis. Hence, several universities and accredited academic institutions have developed the process of referencing books and scholarly articles of researchers. Moreover, an annotated bibliography is a referencing process which includes a list of references along with a summary of the article or book that has been used. Explanation of the article should be conducted in 8-10 sentences ensuring that the summary is brief so that the readerRead MoreMy Struggle with Writing Drafts Essay642 Words   |  3 Pageshad to do an annotated bibliography, where I wrote lots of the information I was going to use for my essay. When I began to write my first draft of the third essay, I just looked at what I had written and then I constructed my introduction from that information. It did not take much time to finish my introduction and from there the rest of the essay was quite easy. The conclusion was not that hard because since I had the information for the introduction I was able to use the same notes for the conclusionRead MoreLearning and Cognition Essay1306 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ Annotated Bibliography: Foundation for a course Project PSYC 3500; Learning and Cognition U5A1: Annotated Bibliography Capella University November, 2013 Annotated Bibliography: Foundation for a course Project This paper contains an annotated bibliography for a paper which will serve as the final project for a course on the subject of learning and cognition. The paper for which this bibliography was prepared originally was to focus on whetherRead MoreHcs 465 (Health Care Research Utilization) Entire Class Assignme6475 Words   |  26 PagesAssignment, Annotated Bibliography Individual Assignment: Literature Review in Research: An Annotated Bibliography †¢ Resource: Literature Review in Research: An Annotated Bibliography Grading Criteria. †¢ Go to the Center for Writing Excellence. †¢ Click the Tutorials Guides link. †¢ Click the Annotated Bibliography link the under the Samples heading. You may use this format to create your annotated bibliography. †¢ Read: the Annotated Bibliography samplesRead MoreThe Current Mla Format And Guidelines1511 Words   |  7 PagesMrs. Pruitt’s Research Paper Guide Paper Requirements †¢ The length of the research paper must be no less than 1,500-words and no more than 2,500-words. The 2,500-word limit does not apply to notes or to the annotated bibliography. In-text citations are required. If your sources are not acknowledged, your paper will receive a zero and will be required to be rewritten for a lower grade because this is considered plagiarism. No more than five quotations are allowed in your paper. †¢ The researchRead MorePerceptions of Bushmen Culture Essay1399 Words   |  6 Pagesexisted since the 1800s and many of the banal conceptions of the Bushmen have remained unchanged through the course of modern history. This paper will be general overview of Bushmen culture. It will describe some of its complexities, as well as further note the way early Europeans and anthropologist perceived these South African peoples. This paper will not provide an in-depth historical account or all encompassing research of the culture but is a proposal that aims to present the Bushmen culture as oneRead MoreShould Women Be Allowed During Combat The Us Armed Forces?1561 Words   |  7 PagesCollect Information I believe I have more than enough sources to fall back on and expand my horizons with my annotated bibliography notes. When I was preparing for the annotated bibliography assignment I found some excellent sites that I did not use for that assignment and I will be going back to my notes and use some of the sites that I that I did not chose to add to my annotated bibliography. I also will be going back to Rio Salado’s Library online article database and review some journalist articlesRead MoreA Discussion On Sexuality And Sexually Transmitted Infections / Diseases And Sexual Development Throughout Life955 Words   |  4 Pagesusual, there were multiple assignments. We had our normal issue from the Taking Sides text, though it was only one this week, a discussion on sexuality in later life, the quiz and this wonderful three page reflection paper. Additionally our annotated bibliography was due this week. As usual, I will start with this week’s reading from the Taking Sides text. This week was slightly different in that we were given only one topic to read and discuss. The article discussed opposing views on whetherRead MoreEssay on How To Write Using the APA Writing Style1597 Words   |  7 Pagesone’s own work. It normally includes a title page, introduction section, and a list of references. Many confuse a literature review with an annotated bibliography, but the difference between a literature review and an annotated bibliography is that an annotated bibliography only summarizes briefly about an article that one viewed while an annotated bibliography focuses specifically on a topic. An experimental report, also know as â€Å"lab reports† is put shortly, a â€Å"story† of ones research where someoneRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Reflection1032 Words   |  5 Pagesauthor was trying to do when appealing to the ethos, logos, and pathos strategies. The exploratory and annotated bibliography project required a lot more research and a topic that I found most compelling. When I found a topic that I was interested in, the research became easier to find. I worked on the exploratory part first and made notes as I was going, in order to write the annotated bibliography portion. My argument essay was the easiest of the three to come up with a strategy to write because I

Essay on Getting Older - 1143 Words

Getting Older With this changing world around us; everyone has different feelings and thoughts about getting older. Some people are afraid to get older while others anticipate it. The select few might even try to delay the process by having surgical procedures done to have their body appear to be younger. In these next couple pages I am about to discuss the answers from interviews I preformed. All of the questions were geared towards the aging process and the person’s feelings about growing older. I asked 5 different cohorts (1) the same exact questions. The grouping of the ages was as follows: 1 person from each cohort – age 6-15, I chose 11 year old girl Kayla; age 16-25, I chose 20 year old Tara; age 26-40, I chose 27 year old†¦show more content†¦But John and Douglas had stated positives that had already happened in their lives such as having and raising children and grandchildren along with the ability to watch them grow, mature, gain their own independence, and even be gin to start a whole new family of their own. I feel that most people below the age of around 40 go through their lives sometimes not truly appreciating the positives, but looking forward to becoming released from restrictions. I do believe the older a person gets, the wiser they become, not only from gaining knowledge as they travel down the road of life, but gaining experience and the sense to know, realize and truly appreciate how their cards of life had been dealt in front of them. When responding to the fears and bad things about the aging process the answers varied considerably. The group had had dreaded dying, your body wearing down (2), their health status (3), as well as needing long term care (4) and nursing homes (5). Everyone knows about the biological process of aging. Typically, without using technical terms that not everyone is used to, most if not all people know that when you get older you gain wrinkles and your hair color slowly fades to white or grey. Though people know that everyone has to go through this process, some easier than others, we still fear and loathe this process. I believe that part of the international feeling of dread aboutShow MoreRelatedA Young Man And A Car : A Reflection On A Real Life Negotiation Essay1596 Words   |  7 Pagesnegotiation In America, buying your first car is a rite of passage. From a young age, with driver’s licenses years down the road, children begin fantasizing about what car they will drive when they’re old enough. The same was true for me. As I got older and began to understand the complexities of purchasing an automobile, however, my dreams became increasingly realistic. Now, I see the process of negotiating that first car as nearly as important as what car I buy. This assignment allowed me to haveRead MoreResearch indicates that the characteristics we are born with have much more influence on our personality and development than any experiences we may have in our life.1669 Words   |  7 Pagesare influenced by their general beliefs about how memory changes with age. If you believe your memory will get worse as you grow older, you will pay more attention to memory failures and each bout of forgetfulness will reinforce your belief that your memory is getting worse. Common everyday memory failures tend to be judged more harshly when these failures belong to an older person. A large scale study over a ten year period found that cognitive decline is not a normal part of aging for most elderlyRead MoreMyth on Aging Essay1593 Words   |  7 Pageshave no interest in, nor capacity for, sexual relations† (Facts on Aging Quiz). In our society, many people believe that older adults do not have sex when they reach the certain old age. Many argue that as you grow older your body becomes frail, thus, decreasing and diminishing sexual desire. Others believe that the sex â€Å"belong to the younger generations† (Schwartz, 2012). Since older adults are more prone to chronic disease, this means that we assume that they do not have a desire on having sexual intercourseRead MoreOlder Adult Interview Essay968 Words   |  4 PagesI had the privilege of interviewing a 60 year old gentlemen who I will identify as Mr. E to protect his privacy for this assignment. The goal of my interview was to gain insight on aging from an older adult. I interviewed Mr. E in his home on a weekday evening. He expressed appreciation and was surprised that he was the focus of an interview in which his life story and thoughts would be recorded. Mr. E was born in a ranch in Guadalajara, Mexico. He is the youngest son of nine children. His fatherRead MoreTaking a Look at Progeria 1177 Words   |  5 Pagesdown. Children who are affected by progeria develop a non-identical appearance characterized by baldness, a small pinched nose, and a small face and jaw relative to head size and aged-looking skin. They also often have symptoms typically seen in much older people including joint stiffness, hip dislocations and severe, progressive cardiovascular disease. It is normal for them to be smart. People with this disease averagely lives to see at most 13 years of age but it ranges from age 8 to 21; and most patientsRead MoreSubstance Abuse And Alcohol Abuse1477 Words   |  6 Pagescommunities people need to go out and support the mental health changes in veterans, all too often this disorder is not recognized and they end up not getting the help that they need. C. I think that as social workers in the mental health field it is important to work in micro, mezzo and macro practice. When working in mezzo practice you start getting into groups, such as therapy groups, educational groups and support groups. While also working in mezzo practice it is very common to start working withRead MoreAn Advertisement For The Elderly1609 Words   |  7 Pageselderly? This question is not complicated to answer with a small amount of knowledge. Most advertisements for the elderly are for more expensive products because most marketers think that once children move out of the house there will be more money for older parents to spend on what they want. The next concern would be at what age is a person considered elderly? Most people think of elderly as over 70 years old, but it is actually at the age of 65. Most actors or actresses who portray an elderly characterRead MoreThe Process of Aging in Up a Movie by Carl Fredricksen854 Words   |  3 Pages Life is a chronological process filled with transitions and relationships. The purpose of this paper is to delineate an understanding of an older man’s journey through later life from a gerontology perspective and define real-life learning of an older adult as it was presented in the film â€Å"Up†. By reviewing the life events of the main character Carl Fredricksen a retired balloon salesman and how he fulfills a lifelong dream of a great adventure to South America. The animated film is a comedyRead MoreThe Aging Population Is The Fastest Growing Population1574 Words   |  7 Pagesmillion individuals will be ages 85 and older (Ouchida Lachs, 2015). Perceptions of the elderly have slightly changed for the better in recent years, but biases and discrimination are still very widespread in our society today. â€Å"Ageism† is a phrase coined by Robert Butler in 1969 and implies a preconception, prejudice, and discrimination against older adults and can come in many forms. A kind of ageism I will be focusing on is the related to older adults and their treatment by healthcareRead MoreThe Skeletal System Of The Body1421 Words   |  6 Pagesfunctions are they are responsible for maintaining the balance between getting rid of old, damaged bones and creation of new bones. The osteoblast cells function is they make new bones. The osteoclasts cells function is it gets rid of old and damaged bones. This cycle by the osteoblast cells and the osteoclast cells of bone destruction and rebuilding is done at a highe rate at young age but this cycle slows down or can reach its peak at older age. The bone layer that gets affected by osteoporosis is the

Video game Free Essays

string(56) " when they were scheduled to be available to customers\." The rise of personal computers in the mid 1980s spurred interest in computer games. This caused a crash in home Video game market. Interest in Video games was rekindled when a number of different companies developed hardware consoles that provided graphics superior to the capabilities of computer games. We will write a custom essay sample on Video game or any similar topic only for you Order Now By 1990, the Nintendo Entertainment System dominated the product category. Sega surpassed Nintendo when it introduced its Genesis System. By 1993, Sega commanded almost 60 per cent of Video game market and was one of the most recognized brand names among the children. Sega’s success was short lived. In 1995, Saturn (a division of General Motors) launched a new 32-bit system. The product was a miserable failure for a number of reasons. Sega was the primary software developer for Saturn and it did not support efforts by outside game developers to design compatible games. In addition, Sega’s games were often delivered quite late to retailers. Finally, the price of the Saturn system was greater than other comparable game consoles. This situation of Saturn’s misstep benefited Nintendo and Sony greatly. Sony’s Play Station was unveiled in 1994 and was available in 70 million homes worldwide by the end of 1999. Its â€Å"Open design† encouraged the efforts of o utside developers, resulting in almost 3,000 different games that were compatible with the PlayStation. It too featured 32-bit graphics that appealed to older audience. As a result, at one time, more than 30 per cent of PlayStation owners were over 30 years old. Nintendo 64 was introduced in 1996 and had eye-popping 64-bit graphics and entered in more than 28 million homes by 1999. Its primary users were between the age of 6 and 13 as a result of Nintendo’s efforts to limit the amount of violent and adult-oriented material featured on games that can be played on its systems. Because the company exercised considerable control over software development, Nintendo 64 had only one-tenth the number of compatible games as Sony’s PlayStation did. By 1999, Sony had captured 56 per cent of the video game market, followed by Nintendo with 42 per cent. Sega’s share had fallen to a low of 1%. Hence, Sega had two options, either to concede defeat or introduce an innovative video machine that would bring in huge sales. And Sega had to do so before either Nintendo or Sony could bring their next-generation console to market. The Sega Dreamcast arrived in stores in September 1999 with an initial price tag of $199. Anxious gamers placed 300,000 advance orders, and initial sales were quite encouraging. A total of 1. 5 million Dreamcast machines were bought within the first four months, and initial reviews were positive. The 128-bit system was capable of generating 3-D visuals, and 40 different games were available within three months of Dream cast’s introduction. By the end of the year, Sega had captured a market share to 15 per cent. But the Dreamcast could not sustain its momentum. Although its game capabilities were impressive, the system did not deliver all the functionality Sega had promised. A 56K modem (which used a home phone line) and a Web browser were meant to allow access to the Internet so that gamers could play each other online, surf the Web, and visit the Dreamcast Network for product information and playing tips. Unfortunately, these features either were not immediately available or were disappointing in their execution. Sega was not the only one in having the strategy of adding functionality beyond games. Sony and Nintendo followed the same approach for their machines introduced in 1999. Both Nintendo’s Neptune and Sony’s PlayStation 2 (PS2) were built on a DVD platform and featured a 128-bit processor. Analysts applauded the move to DVD because it is less expensive to produce and allows more storage than CDs. It also gives buyers the ability to use the machine as CD music player and DVD movie player. As Sony marketing director commented, â€Å"The full entertainment offering from Pl ay Station 2 definitely appeals to a much broader audience. I have friends in their 30s who bought it not only because it’s a gaming system for their kids, but also a DVD for them. † In addition, PlayStation 2 is able to play games developed for its earlier model that was CD-based. This gives the PS2 an enormous advantage in the number of compatible game titles that were immediately available to gamers. Further enhancing the PS2’s appeal is its high-speed modem and allows the user’s easy access to the Internet through digital cable as well as over telephone lines. This gives Sony the ability to distribute movies, music, and games directly to PS2 consoles. We are positioning this as an all-round entertainment player,† commented Ken Kutaragi, the head of Sony Computer Entertainment. However, some prospective customers were put off by the console’s initial price of $360. Shortly after the introduction of Neptune, Nintendo changed its strategies and announced the impending release of its newest game console, The GameCube. However, unlike the Neptune, the GameCube would not run on a DVD platform and also would not initially offer any online capabilities. It would be more attractively priced at $199. A marketing vice president for Nintendo explained the company’s change in direction, â€Å"We are the only com petitor whose business is video games. We want to create the best gaming system. † Nintendo also made the GameCube friendly for outside developers and started adding games that included sports titles to attract an older audience. Best known for its extra ordinary successes with games aimed at the younger set, such as Donkey Kong, Super Mario Bros, and Pokemon, Nintendo sought to attract older users, especially because the average video game player is 28. Youthful Nintendo users were particularly pleased to hear that they could use their handheld Game Boy Advance systems as controllers for the GameCube. Nintendo scrambled to ensure there would be an adequate supply of Game Cubes on the date in November 2001, when they were scheduled to be available to customers. You read "Video game" in category "Essay examples" It also budgeted $450 million to market its new product, as it anticipated stiff competition during the holiday shopping season. With more than 20 million PlayStation 2 sold worldwide, the GameCube as a new entry in the video game market would make the battle for market share even more intense. For almost a decade, the video game industry had only Sega, Nintendo, and Sony; just three players. Because of strong brand loyalty and high product development costs, newcomers faced a daunting task in entering this race and being competitive. In November 2001, Microsoft began selling its new Xbox, just three days before the GameCube made its debut. Some observers felt the Xbox was aimed to rival PlayStation 2, which has similar functions that rival Microsoft’s Web TV system and even some lower level PCs. Like the Sony’s PlayStation 2, Xbox was also built using a DVD platform, but it used an Intel processor in its construction. This open design allowed Microsoft to develop the Xbox in just two years, and gave developers the option of using standard PC tool for creating compatible games. In addition, Microsoft also sought the advice of successful game developers and even incorporated some of their feedback into the design of the console and its controllers. As a result of developers’ efforts, Microsoft had about 20 games ready when the Xbox became available. By contrast, the GameCube had only eight games available. Microsoft online strategy was another feature that differentiated of the Xbox from the GameCube. Whereas Nintendo had no immediate plans for Web-based play, the Xbox came equipped with an Ethernet port for broadband access to Internet. Microsoft also announced its own Web-based network on which gamers can come together for online head-to head play and for organised online matches and tournaments. Subscribers to this service were to pay a small monthly fee and must have high-speed access to the Internet. This is a potential drawback considering that a very low percentage of households world over currently have broadband connections. By contrast Sony promoted an open network, which allows software developers to manage their own games, including associated fees charged to users. However, interested players must purchase a network adapter for an additional $39. 99. Although game companies are not keen on the prospect of submitting to the control of a Microsoft-controlled network, it would require a significant investment for them to manage their own service on the Sony-based network. Initially the price of Microsoft’s X box was $299. Prior to the introduction of Xbox, in a competitive move Sony dropped the price of the PlayStation 2 to $299. Nintendo’s GameCube already enjoyed a significant price advantage, as it was selling for $100 less than either Microsoft or Sony products. Gamers eagerly snapped up the new consoles and made 2001 the best year ever for video game sales. For the first time, consumers spent $9. 4 billion on video game equipment, which was more than they did at the box office. By the end of 2001 holiday season, 6. million PlayStation 2 consoles had been sold in North America alone, followed by 1. 5 million Xbox units and 1. 2 million Game Cubes. What ensued was an all out price war. This started when Sony decided to put even more pressure on the Microsoft’s Xbox by cutting the PlayStation 2 price to $199. Microsoft quickly matched that price. Wanting to maintain its low-price status, Nintendo in turn responded by reducing the price of its the GameCube by $50, to $149. By mid 2002, Microsoft Xbox had sold between 3. 5 and 4 million units worldwide. However, Nintendo had surpassed Xbox sales by selling 4. million Game Cubes. Sony had the benefit of healthy head start, and had shipped 32 million PlayStation 2s. However, seven years after the introduction of original PlayStation, it was being sold in retail outlets for a mere $49. It had a significant lead in terms of numbers of units in homes around the world with a 43 per cent share. Nintendo 64 was second with 30 per cent, followed by Sony PlayStation 2 with 14 per cent. The Xbox and GameCube each claimed about 3 per cent of the market, with Sega Dreamcast comprising the last and least market share of 4. 7 per cent. Sega, once an industry leader, announced in 2001 that it had decided to stop producing the Dreamcast and other video game hardware components. The company said it would develop games for its competitors’ consoles. Thus Sega slashed the price of the Dreamcast to just $99 in an effort to liquidate its piled up inventory of more than 2 million units and immediately began developing 11 new games for the Xbox, four for PlayStation 2, and three for Nintendo’s Game Boy Advance. As the prices of video game consoles have dropped, consoles and games have become the equivalent of razors and blades. This means the consoles generate little if any profit, but the games are a highly profitable proposition. The profit margins on games are highly attractive, affected to some degree by whether the content is developed by the console maker (such as Sony) or by an independent game publisher (such as Electronic Arts). Thus, the competition to develop appealing, or perhaps even addictive, games may be even more intense than the battle among players to produce the best console. In particular, Nintendo, Sony, and Microsoft want games that are exclusive to their own systems. With that in mind, they not only rely on large in-house staffs that design games but they also pay added fees to independent publishers for exclusive rights to new games. The sales of video games in 2001 rose to 43 per cent, compared to just 4 per cent increase for computer-based games. But computer game players are believed to be a loyal bunch, as they see many advantages in playing games on their computers rather than consoles. For one thing, they have a big advantage of having access to a mouse and a keyboard that allow them to play far more sophisticated games. In addition, they have been utilizing the Internet for years to receive game updates and modifications and to play each other over the Web. Sony and Microsoft are intent on capturing a portion of the online gaming opportunity. Even Nintendo has decided to make available a modem that will allow GameCube users to play online. As prices continue to fall and technology becomes increasingly more sophisticated, it remains to be seen whether these three companies can keep their names on the industry’s list of â€Å"hig h scorers†. How to cite Video game, Essay examples

Contract Law Text - Cases - and Complex Materials

Question: Discuss about the Contract Law for Text, Cases, and Complex Materials. Answer: Introduction: A statement, which is made through an advertisement of any form, which is incomplete with respect to the elements required to form a valid contract, is an invitation to an offer, which expresses the intention of the party to negotiate the terms of the agreement and not an offer itself (Hunter 2015). This concept has been broadly discussed in the case of Partridge v Crittenden [1968] 1 WLR 1204. In this case, the court provided that an acceptance of invitation to an offer does not result in formation of a contract (Perillo 2014). An offer to a contract is constituted when the offeror has the intention to bind the offeree to the terms of a legally binding agreement. The offer can be communicated in any form such as newspapers, fax, emails and even through implied conduct, as long as the offeror has the intention to bind the offeree to the terms of the offer (McKendrick 2014). This provision was provided through the objective test in the case of Smith V Hughes 1971 LR6 QB 597. The court in this case provided that parties own intention has to be determined by applying the test of reasonability that is analyzing how a reasonable person would view the given situation (Hillman 2012). An offer cannot be constituted if it does not contain its minimum required elements. The minimum required elements to constitute an offer are the elements of price, delivery date, and validity of offer, description of the item in context and mode of payment (Puil and Weele 2014). Acceptance: an acceptance to an offer has to be unconditional and as a general rule has to be communicated to the offeror by the offeree, thus concept has been provided in the case of Powell v Lee 1908 (Chen 2012). A partial acceptance is no acceptance at all, if the acceptance contains additional terms, which are not present in the offer it is regarded as a counter offer and not an acceptance itself (Ayres 2012). The postal rule of acceptance is the different from the general principles of acceptance. According to this rule, an acceptance is said to be made by the offeree when the acceptance is posted by him and not when it actually reaches the offeror (Cartwright 2016). Posted in this case refers to the stage when the letter of acceptance goes beyond by the control of the offeree. This concept has been discussed in many cases but came to light from the landmark case of Adams V Lindsell (1818) B in this case the court held that the acceptance has been made when the letter is actually posted, it is irrelevant in this case whether or when it reaches the offeror. This rule had been latter acknowledged in the case of Dunlop V Higgins 1848 1 HL Cas 381 (Hillman 2013). In order to constitute a valid offer made by the offeror, there must be a valid offer, which has been accepted through an unconditional acceptance by the offeree (Zamir 2014). In a contract, there must be a promise from doing or abstaining from doing an act and such promises must be covered with a lawful consideration (Byrd and Hruschka 2012). The parties to the contract have to agree on the same thing in the same sense for a valid contract formation along with a valid offer and acceptance (Hunter 2015). The innocent party to a contract is entitled to get equitable remedies such as injunctions and specific performance with respect to the breach of contractual terms by the other party (Hart 2016). The innocent parties also have other remedies available with respect to the breach of contract; the parties can claim damages for the loss incurred by them for the breach of the contract. These damages either nominal or substantial can be claimed by the innocent party from the party who has breached the contract (Butler et al. 2013). According to the principles of the case Hadley v Baxendale 1854, innocent parties may only recover losses, which they have suffered within reasonable contemplation of the breach of contract (DiMatteo and Hogg 2016). According to the principles of the case Robinson v Harman [1948] 18 LJ Ex 202 the main aim of the court is to put the innocent paltry in the position in which she would have been if the contract have not been breached. Cost of cure and value are the two bases, which the court considers to provide damages to the innocent party (Burton 2013). The deposits by an innocent party can only be recovered if the party had lien over the deposit according to the principles of the case Chattey and Another v Farndale Holding Inc [1996] EWCA Civ 696 Application: The three state hotel (Shingles) had made an advertisement in the magazine with respect to an exhibition in the hotel. The advertisement only contained the details about the exhibition, the discount available and the time by which such bookings or payments were to be made which was 31 January. This magazine advertisement did not constitute a valid offer, and it was only a form of invitation to an offer and willingness to negotiate. This can be concluded, as the main elements required to form a valid offer were not present in this case. The elements of price, mode of payment, time of delivery were not provided for in the statement. Appling the provisions of the case of Partridge v Crittenden [1968] 1 WLR 1204 in this situation it can be confirmed that a valid offer had not been made in this situation with respect to the advertisement. With respect to the invitation to an offer, an offeree was supposed to communicate an offer to the offeror. The phone call made by Sam on 15 January to the hotel was not an offer but was a mere inquiry, as it did not have the elements and intention required to constitute a valid offer. On the same day, a valid offer had been made by the hotel by quoting a price of $15000 for the purpose of the exhibition. However, there was no formation of a contract in this event, as the offer was not accepted by Sam, as she wanted to checkout other options, which were available to her. On 23 January Sam had sent an email to the hotel, that she is very interested in taking the stand in question but , also said that she can only pay 14000 for the stand against an offer of 15000 initially made by the hotel. This statement made by Sam did not account to a valid acceptance, as a valid acceptance cannot have any different terms with respect to the offer. This statement made by Sam was a counter offer made to the hotel to accept. Sam in this case also made a fresh invitation to an offer to the hotel with respect to reserving a room for the exhibition. This was an invitation, as it did not have the element of price in it. The postal rule of communication is applicable on emails and text massages as well with a few modifications, with respect to emails the rule of communication. In this case is a communication is said to be complete when the email goes beyond the control of person sending it. However, in the case of an offer, the offeree has to have the knowledge of the existence of an offer in to make that offer valid. The hotel sent an email to Sam on 23 January, with respect to the counter offer and the fresh offer made by Sam. The email stated that the lowest they can charge for the stand is $14500 with respect to the counter offer of $14000 for the stand made by Sam. The hotel also agreed to book the small room that Sam had wanted through a fresh offer provisionally along with the purchase of the stand. In this case, it is to be noted that the offer made by the hotel through the email to Sam was not replied by her. However, she had read it and had the knowledge of the existence of the offer made by the hotel. The offer made by the hotel through thee email on 23 January had certain terms and conditions which had to be complied in order to constitute a valid acceptance. The terms and conditions of the offer stated that the offer would laps if a deposit amount of $ 1000 if not made to the hotel within 31 January. The offer made by the hotel also had the term that a form had to be filled and returned to the hotel within the same date in order to constitute a valid contract. In order to constitute a valid acceptance the knowledge of the offeree about the existence of a valid offer is enough. Although Sam did not reply to the email sent by the hotel, she had the knowledge about the offer made by the hotel as she read the email. Thus if in this case an acceptance is made by Sam it would account to be a valid acceptance. Sam with respect to the offer made of 23 January by the hotel had posted a letter to the hotel, which contained a bank order worth $1000 as asked by the hotel. The letter also contained a statement in which she made an expressed acceptance with respect to the price of the stand. The letter also contained a clause for free publicity. This clause cannot be regarded as an additional term to the acceptance as there was no consideration, which is required to form a contract. According to the principles of postal rule provided in the case of Adams V Lindsell (1818) B and Dunlop V Higgins 1848, 1 HL CAS 381 an acceptance through post is deemed to be made when the letter is actually posted by the offeree and not when it comes to the knowledge of the offeror. A few weeks later, Sam was given the knowledge that the hotel that the small meeting room which she had made a booking for, is no longer vacant and not available to her for the purpose of the exhibition. Sam has also been provided with the knowledge that the special price, which were applicable for the stands no longer, exist. In addition, she had been provided with a new offer by the hotel worth $20000 for reserving a medium sized room. In this situation by applying the postal rule, it can be concluded that a valid contract was formed between Sam and the hotel as soon as Sam had posted the letter and completed and returned the form provided by the hotel through an email. As soon as this action was completed by Sam, the hotel is bound by the terms of contract formed between them legally and the breach of any terms with respect to the contract would attract penalties for the hotel. Thus, in this case it can be concluded that there was a valid contract between the hotel and Sam with respect to the stand and the small meeting room. The contract was formed between them not before 31 January. Applying the principles of the case Hadley v Baxendale [1854] in this situation it can be concluded that Sam will suffer significant loss by not able to put her flowers in exhibition if the contract is breached. It is reasonable to assume in this case that the loss, which Sam is going to suffer, will be a direct result of the breach of contract by the hotel. Sam can claim specific performance of the contract through the court at its discretion. Sam also can claim damages as a right for breach of contract according to the principles of the case Robinson v Harman [1948] 18 LJ Ex 202 Sam is not entitled to get the deposits money back as she had no lien over it according to the provisos of the case Chattey and Another v Farndale Holding Inc [1996] EWCA Civ 696. Conclusion There is a valid contract between Sam and the Hotel (Shingles) and she is entitled to damages for the breach of the contract. References Ayres, I., 2012.Studies in Contract Law. Foundation Press. Burton, S.J., 2013. High Court Case Summaries. Contract Law: Keyed to Burtons Casebook on Contract Law. Butler, D.A., Christensen, S., Dixon, B. and Willmott, L., 2013.Contract Law Case Book. Oxford University Press. 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